Human Services Essay Example for Free

Human Services Essay What needs do each agency meet and what demographic does each agency serve? The department of social services caters to anyone who in in need of assistance as long as basic requirements are met. The DSS mainly caters to women and children .This resource helps with food through a program named SNAP which stands for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. The main role of this service is to supplement the incomes of the people who are having issues providing food for their family. This is done by Social services issuing an electronic benefit card also referred to as EBT card to distribute stamps on a monthly basis until the family is able to provide for their family with no assistance. They having other programs in place to assist with the needs of child care and some clients’ qualify to receive a cash allowance on a monthly basis until the family no longer qualify for the benefit. The program is a federal mandated program put into place to assist the country people that are vulnerable to having a poor quality of life. The other agency that was selected was CAASTL this program is very similar to the department of social services but on a much smaller scale. The Community action agency does not off monthly benefits for food and living expenses. However they do have food pantry that is used to help family eat healthy meals and they offer assistance with utility instead of issues out a monthly allowance. This service mainly cater to families with small children and elderly people in need of assistance. This program was put in place to assist with need of the people who lived in the county and did not qualify for services which were located in the city. Both agencies are there to help people that are in need the department of social services has more funding that CAASTL because it is a program that only receives funds to help pay for resources that would be used to assist people living in that community Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

Student Stress Essay Example for Free

Student Stress Essay Being a student can be the most exhilarating time of your life. New friends, new places, new challenges can all add up to a huge buzz. But all those things can also make student life seem a total nightmare. Financial worries, debt, exam pressure, burden of homework, relationship problem, parental pressure and so on, these all together buildup students stress, which can overwhelm any student. Stress is one of the biggest problems and challenges facing students who seek to get a good education today. One model that is useful in understanding stress among students is the person-environmental model. According to one variation of this model, stressful events can be appraised by an individual as threatening or challenging (Lazarus 1966). When education is seen as a threat, stress can elicit feelings of helplessness and a foreboding sense of loss. When students appraise their education as a challenge, however, moderate stress can bring them a sense of competence and an increased capacity to learn. Stress is one of the biggest problems facing contemporary students. More than half of students (53%) said they had become more stressed since starting university, according to the Student Living Report 2003, an ongoing survey of student experiences carried out by MORI for the UNITE Group plc. Medically, a little pressure can boost up students enthusiasm of study. However, over stress, over work and taking too much stress of life might lead students to an extreme depressive state where a person in would even commit suicide. Stress is obviously a common and the biggest obstacle on students road to success. Stress is one of the biggest challenges for students. Identified by Longman Advanced American Dictionary (page 1441), stress is the continuous feelings of worry about your work or personal life, which prevent you from relaxing. Therefore, stress comes from the students themselves. For the sake of gaining good education and earning a brilliant student life, students themselves have to eliminate this kind of feelings. In other words, fight against themselves to pull out those feelings from the brain, which is the largest challenge since the strongest enemy is self. Though stress is increasing, as humans brain evolving to be stronger, we as the successors of the world can certainly handle it. How to beat stress? Optimize your business and pull ahead of your competition! Live optimistically, we can conquer everything! Lazarus, Richard S. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND THE COPING PROCESS. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966. Katz, Joseph, and others. NO TIME FOR YOUTH: GROWTH AND CONSTRAINT IN COLLEGE STUDENTS. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1969. http://www. mori. com/polls/2002/unite. shtml. UNITE STUDENT LIVING REPORT 2003. 21 January 2003 LONGMAN ADVANCED AMERICAN DICTIONIARY (2001): Page 1441.

Principles of the WTO

Principles of the WTO The General exceptions provide a list of measures that countries can enforce. These measures are a necessity [1]to protect basic and fundamental socio-economic and political interests to protect the character and integrity of a nation. The term necessary was discussed by a previous panel albeit in context to article XX (d) and held that a contracting party could not justify a measure inconsistent with GATT as necessary if there were reasonable available alternative measures that were less inconsistent with GATT provisions.[2] Trade liberalization being the fundamental objective of the WTO comes in direct conflict with national policies and interest of member states article XX of GATT provided exceptions that serve as justification for member states to enforce measures for safeguarding their interests. The WTOs founding and guiding principles remain the pursuit of open borders, the guarantee of most-favoured-nation principle and non-discriminatory treatment by and among members, and a commitment to transparency in the conduct of its activities[3]. The pursuit of a free market and open trade creates a conflict of interest on a national and international level. National policies implemented by governments occasionally do not conform to products and ideals of the international market, an example can be seen between western and eastern governments whereas betting as an industry is accepted in most of the countries, Islamic states such as Pakistan do not allow betting and as such foreign investors cannot run gambling businesses as gambling is prohibited under sharia law. What is generally accepted in one geopolitical area is not considered a norm by another state. It then becomes a challenge to maintain a balance between policies that are a governments legitimate objectives and non-discrimination against foreign competition and objectives that are inconsistent with the ideals of free trade.[4] The appellate body in US-Shrimp best summarized this by stating; a balance must be struck between the right of a Member to invoke an exception under Article XX and the duty of that same Member to respect the treaty rights of the other Members[5] Chapeau Article XX consists of a preamble called the chapeau and subsequent subparagraphs. The Chapeau was introduced into the exceptions article of the commercial policy chapter of the draft ITO Charter during the London session of the Preparatory Committee a delegation in the conference suggested that uncertainty in the protection clause is not desirable as it leaves these provisions open to abuse. To prevent abuse this excerpt to article 32[XX] was introduced[6]; The undertakings in Chapter IV of this Charter relating to import and export restrictions shall not be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any Member of the following measures, provided that they are not applied in such a manner as to constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade. The suggestion was generally accepted subject to its review to the wording specifically on whether the scope should be limited to import and export restrictions.[7]The amendments were made and the GATT was signed on the 1947 in Geneva and came into effect in 1948,which eventually led to the Uruguay round agreement establishing the WTO in 1994[8]. The historical map of the chapeau is significant as it highlights its objective. Concisely, the chapeau is in place to prevent abuse of the exceptions under article XX to justify a measure that is inconsistent with the General agreement. The chapeau combats this problem through two requirements that must be met by a member invoking the exception. First a measure provisionally justified under one of the sub-paragraphs of article XX must not be applied in arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination means between countries where the same provisions prevail. This condition involves a prohibition on any measure that has a disproportionate economic impact on products from certain countries when compared to its impact on competitive products from other countries.[9] In Us-Shrimp, the appellate body laid out conditions that must exist for arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination to be established (1) the application of the measure at issue must result in discrimination;(2) this discrimination must be arbitrary or unjustifiable in character; and (3) this discrimination must occur between countries where the same conditions prevail.[10] The Similar conditions test however will in essence fail in instances where the factors relevant to the measure are significantly different. However in US-Shrimp(1998) the Appellate body held that in circumstances where different conditions between countries prevail, the rigid and inflexible application of the measure may constitute and arbitrary discrimination.[11]The second Justification is discretionary in nature, it is independent of the objective in measure. The effect of this dual justification is to enhance the regulatory autonomy of WTO members.[12] Secondly this measure must not be applied in a manner that constitutes a disguised restriction on international trade[13]. This measure is not clear and panels have not been able to find a certain means on clarifying on the same. It is difficult to ascertain the objective of a measure as the Appellate Body found in Japan-Alcoholic Beverages (1996).[14] However in US-Gasoline (1996)[15] the panel held that disguised restriction can be identified when read with arbitrary discrimination and unjustifiable discrimination. The disguised restrictions amount to arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination in international trade when taken under the under the guise of a measure formally within the terms of an exception listed in Article XX.. The test used to determine the presence of Arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination can be used to identify disguised restrictions. The Panel in EC-Asbestos (2001) stated that a restriction which formally meets the requirements of Article XX(b) will constitute and abuse if such compliance is in fact only a disguise to conceal the pursuit of trade-restrictive objectives.[16] These requirements ensure that members submit substantive legitimate claims that do not prejudice the rights of other members to the treaty. Article XX should not be used as a disguise to abscond from the obligations of the general agreement but as an avenue to maintain the balance between rights and obligations of the members to the General agreement. Article XX reflects on the principle of good faith. It ensures fair dealings are undertaken through the obligations of the general agreement. It instils a sense of Duty on the members to respect each others rights while giving them an avenue to further their objectives on a national level[17]. However despite the attempts to limit abuse of the provision, the general exceptions have become the subject of most WTO disputes. In US-Gasoline (1996) the appellate body stated the exceptions under article XX can be invoked as a matter of legal right, however caution should be taken in its use. The exception should not be used in a manner that frustrates the legal obligations of the holder in the General agreement. The provision must be applied reasonably with due regard to the party claiming the exception and the legal rights of the other parties concerned[18]. From the above analysis, the Chapeau was introduced as a firewall. It provides a legal justification for measures that meet the requirements listed in it. The application of the same becomes a subject of dispute as it is difficult to satisfy all the members due to conflicting interests. The Appellate body in US-Shrimp year?addressed the ideal means of application by stating; The task of interpreting and applying the chapeau is, hence, essentially the delicate one of locating and marking out a line of equilibrium between the right of a Member to invoke an exception under Article XX and the rights of the other Members under varying substantive provisions (e.g., Article XI) of the GATT 1994, so that neither of the competing rights will cancel out the other and thereby distort and nullify or impair the balance of rights and obligations constructed by the Members themselves in that Agreement. The location of the line of equilibrium, as expressed in the chapeau, is not fixed and unchanging; the line moves as the kind and the shape of the measures at stake vary and as the facts making up specific cases differ. The chapeau should be used as a balancing provision, on one hand it provides a right for members to invoke an exception to protect their National interests and on the other hand it should ensure members meet their obligations. The margin that separates the two is not fixed, it is based on the circumstances of each case. An objective? Approach is taken considering the prevailing conditions of each case to ensure the appropriate equilibrium is maintained. Article XX can be invoked by a member when a measure has been found to be inconsistent with another GATT provision, this will be a justification of the inconsistency and will have to be backed with evidence to disprove the claim. Article XX can be construed to be an Omnibus Clause as it covers all provisions in the GATT 1947.The wording of the preamble, reflects the same nothing in this agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement of measuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In US-Section337 Tariff Act (1989) stated that measures satisfying the conditions set out in article XX are permitted even if they are inconsistent with other provisions of GATT 1947.Article XX however provides limited and conditional exceptions listed in the respective sub paragraphs inconsistent with another provision of the General agreement.[19]The conditional limitations serve two functions, first they are necessary to maintain a balance between obligations under GATT and National Policies, and secondly they prevent abuse of the obligations under the guise of protectionism[20]. Article XX can be invoked by a member only when a measure by that member has been found to be prima farcie[21] inconsistent with another provision the complaining party has to submit sufficient evidence supporting this claim, the burden then shifts to the defending party that has to provide evidence to disprove this claim. The burden of proof to show that a measure has been violated lies with the party invoking it in Canada Import, Distribution and Sale of Certain Alcoholic Drinks by Provincial Marketing Agencies [22] and the 1994 report in United States Measures Affecting the Importation, Internal Sale and Use of Tobacco[23] In the former the panel concluded that with the exception of the listing and delisting of practices in Ontario, the United States had not substantiated its claim that Canada still maintained listing and delisting practices inconsistent with Article XI of the General Agreement. The latter In view of the Panels analysis, the Panel considered that the evidence did not support the complainants claim that the DMAs penalty provisions were separate taxes or charges within the meaning of Article III:2 furthermore the Panel concluded that the evidence did not demonstrate that Section 1106(c), Fees for Inspecting Imported Tobacco, mandated action inconsistent with Article VIII:1(a) of GATT 1947. Both cases reflect the Panels Jurisprudential approach on the burden of proof in which previous and subsequent panels have maintained that the burden of proof rests on the party making a complaint, the burden then shift to the defending party that has to provide evidence to disprove this claim.   Jurisprudence from the AB has laid down a two-tier test for the application of Article XX in a dispute. In US Gasoline 1996 the Appellate Body established the two-tier test involved a provisional justification by reason of characterization of the measure and appraisal of the same measure under the introductory clauses of Article XX[24] First, a Panel has to consider whether the respective measure falls within the scope of subparagraphs (a) to (j) In AB report in Korea-Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beej [25]; The Panel focussed on whether the dual retail system is necessary to ensure compliance with the law under the Unfair competition Act which on the face of it was inconsistent with provisions of the WTO. It examined enforcement measures where fraudulent misrepresentation has occurred and found that the dual retail system was not used. Instead Korea used a traditional enforcement system which was reasonably available and as such it could not fall under Article XX (d) and as such could not justify the dual retail system as a necessity under Article XX (d).A measure has to be within the scope of Article XX for it to be enforceable. The second test is whether a measure meets the requirements of the chapeau under article XX, and was necessary to achieve the respective objective. In AB report in European Communities Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products[26]; The AB disagreed with the panels findings that considering the evidence relating to health risks associated with the product, under Article III: 4 nullifies the effect of Article XX (d) of GATT, It however held that Article XX (d) allows members to adopt and enforce a measure, Inter alia necessary to protect human life and health although that measure is inconsistent with another provision. Under Article III:4, evidence relating to health risks may be relevant in assessing the competitive relationship in the marketplace between allegedly like products. The same, or similar, evidence serves a different purpose under Article XX (b), namely, that of assessing whether a Member has a sufficient basis for adopting or enforcing a WTO-inconsistent measure on the grounds of human health. This ruling sheds light on the authority of article XX in GATT, if a measure satisfies the requirement of the chapeau and is inconsistent with another article in the Agreement, a member will be able to adopt and enforce a measure to achieve the objective that is, in this case to protect, human life. The end justifies the means. Articles under GATT should be interpreted independently and with respect to the relevant provision. The AB held that provisions satisfy the article XX if they are necessary to adopt and enforce a necessary measure under Article XX (a)-(j)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. It is a generally accepted principle of interpretation that exceptions are to be interpreted narrowly under the principle of (singular non sunt extendena)[27]however the Appellate Body has adopted a flexible approach in EC-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) 1998, the Appellate Body stated that characterizing a treaty provision a an exception does not justify a stricter or narrower interpretation of that provision[28]. Jurisprudence shows that ABs have adopted a less restrictive approach in a way that balances between commitments and exceptions. This approach takes after the ordinary meaning of interpreting treaties where a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith and in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose[29]. This Approach was used in the US Gasoline (1996) and US-Shrimp (1998) where the panel stated that: the context of article XX (g) includes provisions of the rest of the General Agreement including particular Article .conversely, the context of Articlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ includes Article XX, accordingly, the phrase @relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources may not be read so expansively as seriously to subvert the purpose and object of Article II: 4.Not may Article III:4 be given so broad a reach as effectively to emasculate Article XX (g) and the policies and interest it embodies. The relationship between the affirmative commitments set out in e.g. Articles I,II and XI, and the policies and interests embodied in the General Exceptions listed in Article XX, can be given meaning within the framework of the General Agreement and its object and purpose by a treaty interpreter on a case-to-case basis, by careful scrutiny of the factual and legal context in a given dispute, without disregarding the words actually used by the WTO members themselves to express their inten t and purpose[30]. The approach taken by the AB entails to maintain a balance between it then takes various factor in consideration, first it aims to facilitate the fundamental WTO objective of trade liberalization, second balancing member interests, General rules of interpretation, which inter alia include giving light to the context and meaning of the preamble. SCOPE As discussed earlier on, it is clear that article XX is a universal exception and the scope of application is broad. Article XX unlike other exceptions is not interpreted in the strict and narrow sense.[31] The main question that has arisen is whether article XX can be used to justify inconsistencies with obligations set out in Agreements other than GATT 1994.[32] To understand this scope of article XX in this context it is essential to understand its historical objective. During the GATT negotiations, the negotiators took the a la carte approach, which meant that members could not choose particular items but had to take everything that was offered, in contrast, during the Uruguay rounds the negotiators introduced the single undertaking approach, where membership of the WTO was made contingent on accepting all treaties as a package.[33]The members had to Join all agreements administered by the WTO[34].The aim of the shift was to consolidate disciplines negotiated in earlier rounds to all WTO members. The single undertaking idea is ingrained in the WTO ideology, it was introduced to curb fragmentation of international agreements (a La Carte).as a consequence all agreements under annex 1A of the WTO Charter were consolidated to into one document, the WTO Charter. There is no express provision in the GATT 1947 or any of the agreements under annex 1A that shows a correlation between the two. However in the event of a conflict between the two the latter shall take precedence. Lex specialis agreements take precedence over Lex generalis agreements[35]. The ambiguity on this contentious issue was shown in the AB report United States -Measures relating to shrimp from Thailand (DS343), United states-Customs Bond Directive for merchandise subject to Anti-Dumping/countervailing Duties[36]. India raised a valid point by questioning whether a defence under Article xx (d) was available to the United States to justify a measure found to constitute a specific action against dumping under Anti-Dumping agreement. The panel answered this by stating we do not express a view on the question of whether a defence under Article XX (d) of the GATT 1994 was available to the United States. The panel failed to give a definitive answer. However most recently in the in China-Publications and Audio-visual products[37] China invoked Article XX (a) to Justify the inconsistent trading rights commitments in paragraph 5.1 of Chinas Accession protocol. As in the Case of the US-Customs Bond directive[38] the panel decided to first measure whether the measures met the requirements of Article XX (d) rather than expressly on the availability of Article XX as a defence. However the Appellate Body did provide a definitive answer and criticized the panels reliance on the arguendo in answering the  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   in question.[39] The Body observed that the provisions that China seeks to justify have a clearly discernible, objective link to Chinas regulation of trade in the relevant products. In the light of this relationship between provisions of Chinas measures that are inconsistent with Chinas trading rights commitments, and Chinas regulation of trade in the relevant products, we find that China may rely upon the introductory clause of paragraph 5.1 of its Accession Protocol and seek to justify these provisions as necessary to protect public morals in China, within the meaning of Article XX (a) of the GATT 1994.In light of the above China could rely on Article XX to Justify measures in a WTO agreement other than GATT 1994 in this case, Chinas accession Protocol. Specific Exceptions under Article XX of the GATT 1994 Subparagraphs (a)-(j) of Article XX lists detailed and specified exceptions for measures inconsistent with other provisions of GATT 1994.The specified exceptions provide a comprehensive list of grounds[40] that can be used to justify an inconsistent measure. The wording of various terms in the exceptions denotes a difference objective. As analysed in US-Gasoline the appellate Body stated that: In enumerating the various categories of governmental acts, laws or regulations which WTO Members may carry out or promulgate in pursuit of differing legitimate state policies or interests outside the realm of trade liberalization, Article XX uses different terms in respect of different categories. It does not seem reasonable to suppose that the WTO Members intended to require, in respect of each and every category, the same kind or degree of connection or relationship between the measure under appraisal and the state interest or policy sought to be promoted or realized. Each and every subparagraph enjoys a certain amount of autonomy, in this respect they serve a different purpose and as such should be interpreted in their ordinary meaning in accordance with the general rules of interpretation. Article XX (a) On the offset, the issue of public morals and international trade proves to be a problematic. Public morals differ between states, the relativity is bound to conflict with norms and rules set out in international practice. Article XX(a) as an exemption is designed to allow a nation to participate in the international trade while preserving certain aspects of its sovereignty over its domestic, political and legal order.[41]It is a provision that maintains self-preservation. The issue of public morals invites a sense of ambiguity, broadening its scope of application, it becomes important to underline a basis for an interpretation of its meaning within the context of international trade. The problem is there have been few decisions and scholarly articles touching on this exception.[42] In US-Gambling (2005) the stated that the term public morals denotes standards of right and wrong conduct maintained by or on behalf of a community or nation, the content of the concept of public morals can vary from member to member, depending upon a range of factors, including prevailing social, cultural ,ethical and religious values and members should be given some scope to define and apply for themselves the concept of public morals in their respective territories, according to their own systems and scales of values. This definition was adopted by the panel in China-Publications and Audio-visual products (2010). The panel then set the ground work for a GATT inconsistent measure to be justified under Article XX(a) it stated the measure must be designed to protect public morals and necessary to fulfil the that policy objective.[43] The lack of jurisprudence with this article is bound to create problems in the future. It is clear that it is impossible to set a baseline for what is morally right or wrong. This exception is solely aimed at maintaining the sovereign integrity of a member. Article XX (b) The scope of paragraph XX (b) is not definitive however it is clear that sanitary and phytosanitary measures were the principal measures that occupied the minds of the drafters[44]This is clear in the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the Sps Agreement) where the preamble states; Preamble to the Sps Agreement that refers to Article xx (b): Desiring therefore to elaborate rules for the application of the provisions of GATT 1994 which relate to the use of sanitary or phytosanitary measures, in particular the provisions of Article xx(b) This article concerns measures that are necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health. Jurisprudence on the application of Article XX (b) relies on three requirements: (i) Whether the policy reflected in the measure falls within the range of policies designed to achieve the objective of protecting human à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ life or health. In other words, whether the measure is one designed to achieve that health policy objective; (ii) whether the measure is necessary to achieve said objective; and (iii) whether the measure is applied in a manner consistent with the chapeau of Article XX.[45] The requirement is relatively straightforward and hasnt created problems with interpretation. The adjudicators must determine if a risk exists and analyse the degree of risk caused by the product[46]. This risk has to have a direct relation to the measures taken, to do this, the Appellate Bodies have examined, the design and structure of the measure and it has become apparent that the measures undertaken to achieve this objective are broad. In Japan-Alcoholic Beverages II the Appellate Body stated: the aim of a measure may not be easily ascertained, nevertheless, its protective application can most often be discerned from the design, the architecture and the revealing structure of a measure[47] In Brazil-Retreaded Tyres (2007), Brazil submitted a claim that the accumulation of waste tyres creates a perfect breeding ground for disease carrying mosquitoes which posed a substantial risk through the transmitting of diseases such as dengue and yellow fever. The accumulation of waste tyres also created the risk of tyre fires and toxic leaching. Brazil argued also argued that the risk posed to animals was high due to mosquito-borne diseases and numerous toxic chemicals and heavy metals contained in the pyrolytic oil released from tyre flames.[48] The panel accepted Brazils argument and concluded that, Brazils Policy of reducing exposure to the risks to human, animal or plant life or health arising from the accumulation of waste tyres falls within the range of policies covered by Article XX (b).[49] The correlation between a measure and a policy can be adduced from the analysis of the objective. Measures that have no subjective relations are often required to fulfil the policy objective on health policies. The scope is broad and can easily invite protective measures under the guise or Article XX (b). Secondly For a measure to fall under the ambit of Article XX (b), has to meet the necessity requirement and meet the requirements of the chapeau.[50] In addition the description of the necessity requirement with respect to the chapeau.[51]However in order understand the necessity requirement within the meaning of Article XX(b) the Appellate body in Brazil-Retreaded[52] tyres stated that, a panel must consider the importance of the interests or values at stake, the extent of the contribution to the achievement of the measures objective and its trade restrictiveness. In this balancing approach, a balance of probabilities taking into account all relevant factors assists the adjudicator reach an appropriate decision. However other texts argue that this is not a balancing or proportionality test, rather it is a reasonable test, whether a reasonable regulator could have adopted the measure it did[53]. This approach is narrow and takes on a defensive approach, I do not agree with this view as it limits the rights of a member to achieve a policy objective. In this situation protection of national interests specifically relating to health policies. The more vital or important the common interests or values pursued, the easier it would be to acc

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Macbeth In the play Macbeth there are many interesting parts which could be due to the suspense and involvement of the supernatural. The use of the supernatural in the witches, the visions, and the ghosts are a key element in making the play interesting. Looking through each act and scene of the play, it is shown that the supernatural is definitely a major factor on the play’s style. The use of the supernatural occurs at the beginning of the play, with the three witches predicting the fare of Macbeth. This gives the reader a clue to what the future holds for Macbeth. â€Å"When the battle is lost and won.† (1.1.1) It says that every battle is lost by one side and won by another. Macbeth’s fate is that he will win the battle, but will lose his time of victory for the battle of his soul. After the prophecies of the witches revealed the fate of Macbeth, the plan in which to gain power of the throne is brought up. The only way to gain power of the throne is for Macb eth to work his way to the throne, or to murder Duncan. Murdering the king was an easier plan due to his dreams urging him on in that direction. Lady Macbeth also relies on the supernatural by her asking upon the evil spirits to give her the power to plot the murder of Duncan with out any remorse or conscience, (1.5.42-57). The three sisters are capable of leading people into danger resulting in death, such as the sailor who never slept, (1.3.1-37). Lady Macbeth has convinced her husband Macbeth to murder King Duncan. On the night they planned to kill Duncan, Macbeth is waiting for lady Macbeth to ring the bell to go up to ring the single bell to go up the stairs to Duncan’s chamber. He sees the vision of the floating dagger. The interest of the dagger is that it leads Macbeth towards the chamber by the presence of evil of the dagger being covered with blood. Then the bell rings and Macbeth stealthily proceeds up the staircase to Duncan’s chamber. Once the murder has b een committed, eventually Banquo has his suspicions about Macbeth killing Duncan to have power of the throne. There is continuously more guilt and fear inside Macbeth and his wife, because of this Macbeth decides to have Banquo killed.

The First World War (WWI) :: World War 1 I One

World War I was definitely a greater contributor to the course if European civilization than the French revolution. WWI dissolved empires and shaped a generation of men, Where as the French Revolution primarily affected France and didn’t even abolish the monarchy. WWI brought things like the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, this dissolved Germany as a power, but also brought forth mass retaliation in the form of Nazi movement. Because of this Czechoslovakia emerges as independent. WWI also started the League of Nations, which was brought out internationalized thinking. And in reference to the dissolved empires I’m speaking of primarily the Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Where in Germany we saw the fall of Wilhelm II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the war there was footage of the battle of Somme released by the British government, which altered the way, we viewed war at that time. This brought forth the end to the â€Å"gentlemen’s war† and brought forth trench warfare and gassing. This also coined the term shell-shocked as 7 million men were permanently wounded and had things such as deafness, blindness, stutters, and hallucinations. Junger wrote, â€Å"a battle such as the world had never seen.† He called it a scientific war, and pointed out the machine-made destruction. He wrote, â€Å"Chivalry took a final farewell†. John Reed in the 10 days of war wrote about the Russian revolution where they revolted against â€Å"strong and rich nation dividing.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Where as the French Revolution affected mostly themselves and it really didn’t even do what it started out to do, end the Monarchy and the Old regime. Sieyes wanted a citizenship based on usefulness not birth. Plus at the end of the revolution we see the restoration of the monarchy and the old regime.

Slave Acculturation Essay -- American History

Slave Acculturation The seasoning process, as applied to the treatment of plantation slaves, was designed to ensure not only that the slaves would become totally dependent upon the dictates of their owners but also to destroy the cultural links which the slaves had with their former homelands. In the West African kingdoms which provided one of the major source of slaves at the height of the triangle trade, slavery was part of the indigenous culture; however, the motivation behind African domestic slavery was for the main part political, and intricately bound up with the way in which the capture of those from neighbouring tribes would allocate bargaining power to the captors; it was not necessary to impose a process of acculturation on the slaves in order to ensure their total obedience. (Curtin p 63) However, once slavery was extended to Europe and the Americas, there was a perception amongst the white slave-owners that to allow black slaves to maintain their cultural heritage would result in the fomentation of rebellion and invalidate the psychological and physical domination which was essential if small groups of whites were to successfully control large groups of slaves.(Inikori p 22) Depriving slaves of their physical strength, except when seen as necessary to set an example, would have been counter-productive. It was the potential for labour which was highly valued on the plantations; slaves cost money and it was in the interests of the plantation owners to maintain the physical health and strength of their slaves, even when they had established a breeding program which made the slave community essentially self-perpetuating. Seasoning was therefor... ...African heritage but developed along different cultural lines and could not be said to have a direct connection with its cultural origins in the modern context of Black American society. Bibliography Curtin, Philip D. and Paul E. Lovejoy, ed. Africans in bondage: Studies in Slavery and the Slave Trade. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986. Burnard, T & Morgan, K. (2001) The dynamics of the slave market and slave purchasing patterns in Jamaica, 1655-1788. William and Mary Quarterly 58; 1: npa. Inikori, Joseph E. and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies. Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992. Africa in America: Slave Acculuturation and Resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean, 1736-1831., The William and Mary Quarterly.(JSTOR)

Quality Education in the Philippines

We know that Philippines country is rich in agriculture and economics. But don't you know that Philippines are one of the top that is great in terms of education. And I can prove that in simply observing the status of my country and surveys in the rank of schools. Literacy rate in the Philippines has improved a lot over the last few years- from 72 percent in 1960 to 94 percent in 1990. This is attributed to the increase in both the number of schools built and the level of enrollment in these schools. The number of schools grew rapidly in all three levels – elementary, secondary, and tertiary. From the mid-1960s up to the early 1990, there was an increase of 58 percent in the elementary schools and 362 percent in the tertiary schools. For the same period, enrollment in all three levels also rose by 120 percent. More than 90 percent of the elementary schools and 60 percent of the secondary schools are publicly owned. However, only 28 percent of the tertiary schools are publicly owned. A big percentage of tertiary-level students enroll in and finish commerce and business management courses. Table 1 shows the distribution of courses taken, based on School Year 1990-1991. Note that the difference between the number of enrollees in the commerce and business courses and in the engineering and technology courses may be small – 29. 2 percent for commerce and business and 20. 3 percent for engineering and technology. However, the gap widens in terms of the number of graduates for the said courses. Aside from the numbers presented above, which are impressive, there is also a need to look closely and resolve the following important issues: 1) quality of education 2) affordability of education 3) government budget for education; and 4) education mismatch. In Quality There was a decline in the quality of the Philippine education, especially at the elementary and secondary levels. For example, the results of standard tests conducted among elementary and high school students, as well as in the National College of Entrance Examination for college students, were way below the target mean score. In Affordability – There is also a big disparity in educational achievements across social groups. For example, the socioeconomically disadvantaged students have higher dropout rates, especially in the elementary level. And most of the freshmen students at the tertiary level come from relatively well-off families. In Budget – The Philippine Constitution has mandated the government to allocate the highest proportion of its budget to education. However, the Philippines still has one of the lowest budget allocations to education among the ASEAN countries. In Mismatch – There is a large proportion of â€Å"mismatch† between training and actual jobs. This is the major problem at the tertiary level and it is also the cause of the existence of a large group of educated unemployed or underemployed. Improved quality of education in the Philippine schools The Philippine education system is plagued with problems from the basic level until the tertiary level, and although previous and present administrations took steps to reform the system, these reforms failed to improve the country’s education system. According to the latest â€Å"Economic Policy Monitor†, released in April 2012 of government think tank Philippine Institute for Development Studies, despite the reforms pursued by the Aquino administration to address these failures, even more reforms are needed to improve the quality of education in the Philippines. The same study found that even the reforms initiated by the government may even bring more problems to the education system. Foremost among the problems in the early childhood education is the inequality to access to kindergarten education. THE INTENSE ECONOMIC CRISIS that the Philippines are currently undergoing has certainly buried the sanguine and unreasonable hopes that the government had projected for the near future. The triumphalism of Philippines 2000 has been shaken to the core and reduced to a laughable joke for the history books. This crisis only confirms that the Philippines have yet to liberate itself from the age-old problems, which have plagued it in the economic and political spheres. The much-trumpeted new epoch of free competition and borderless economies has not resulted in any real development but only in a more intense form of economic domination and exploitation of the poorer countries by the advanced capitalist countries. The seemingly neutral facade of Globalization has turned out to be more of the same old Imperialism that just cannot be wished away. Nevertheless, it would be too much of a simplification to arrive at the conclusion that the present global order has not resulted in any significant changes. It would certainly be correct to ay that for the educational system, as in Philippine society as a whole, that â€Å"nothing of the essence has changed. † However, even if it is true that the essential traits and defining characteristics of Philippine education has remained the same all throughout this so-called period of â€Å"Globalization,† it is also equally unavoidably true that certain changes have occurred and are still occurring that may not have actually touched the â€Å"essence† of things as they are but still have important implications for the understanding of the current situation and the various effective political responses that can lead to genuine social transformation. One of the main tasks is to attempt to identify what these â€Å"changes† are without losing sight of the â€Å"meaning† of these phenomena in relation to an essentially unchanged exploitative global economic and political system which must be identified as â€Å"imperialism. † The changes in question can be identified by analyzing the so-called â€Å"three major areas of concern† in education which have been underlined in the Medium Term Education Development Plan (MTEDP). These are: â€Å"(1) increasing access to and improving of the quality of basic education; (2) liberalizing the regulation of private schools, and; (3) rationalizing the programs of State Universities and Colleges (SUCs). † The question of â€Å"increasing access to† and â€Å"improving the quality of† education have been constant themes since even before the intricate and obfuscators jargon of â€Å"globalization† entered the scene. It cannot even be asserted that these ideas have changed in the sense that they previously had an altruistic meaning which has currently been lost in this period of technocratic appeals to â€Å"efficiency† rather than â€Å"morality. Reyes, John Christian A. BSIT-109I Improved quality of education in the Philippines schools This is the first major issue that the Philippine government should resolve but somehow it is recently improving. The quality of Philippine education has declined few years ago due to poor results from standard entrance tests conducted among elementary and secondary students, as well as the tertiary levels. The results were way below the target mean score. High dropout ates, high number of repeaters, low passing grades, lack of particular language skills, failure to adequately respond and address the needs of people with special needs, overcrowded classrooms, and poor teacher performances, have greatly affected the quality of education in the Philippines. Philippine education is strongly viewed as a pillar of national development and a primary avenue for social and economic mobility. It has undergone several stages of development from the pre-spanish time to the present. It is handled by three government organizations, namely, the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the TESDA. The DECS govern both public and private education in all levels, with its mission â€Å"to provide quality basic education that is equitably accessible to all by the foundation for lifelong learning and service for the common good. † The government was mandated by the Philippine Constitution to allocate the highest proportion of its budget to education. However, among the ASEAN countries, the Philippines still has one of the lowest budget allocations to education. This is due to some mainstream political issues and humungous problems that the government is facing specially corruption. There are some measures that the Philippine government has looked into for the reformation of quality education. Technology use is starting to gain momentum in the overall education of this country. This helped improve the quality of education in the Philippines and to be globally competitive in this millennium. Improving the Quality of Education in our Country The Philippines has the highest number of college graduates among developing Asian countries, but that isn’t a substitute for quality. The role of education in economic development is widely acknowledged: education increases the innovative capacity of an economy and facilitates the diffusion, adoption, and adaptation of new ideas. More specifically, education increases the amount of human capital available, thereby increasing productivity and ultimately output. Education is especially important in a rapidly evolving economic environment where a rapid rate of job destruction and creation might otherwise lead to a gap between the skills demanded in the labor market and the skills of job-seekers. So how can regional cooperation improve the quality and availability of education? The role of regional cooperation in a particular country and what means of cooperation are viable will largely depend on that country’s position on the development ladder and the status of its education sector. The role of regional cooperation in a particular country and what means of cooperation are viable will largely depend on that country’s position on the development ladder and the status of its education sector. Since 1975 both GDP and education levels in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam have been catching up. Over the same period GDP growth and improvements to education levels have been losing momentum in developed countries including the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. The Philippines exhibits a curious pattern in this respect, because even as the level of education attainment plateaued, its GDP has been falling behind. This is an apparent contradiction. Given the well-established beneficial effects of education on GDP and on GDP growth rates, the Philippines should have witnessed an era of high growth since 1975, when it had the highest rate of completion of tertiary education among developing Asian countries – higher than Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, or Singapore. This suggests that the problem in the Philippines has been the quality of education, rather than its availability or accessibility. Regional cooperation in education is often identified with trade in education services. In the Asia Pacific, this most commonly takes the form of direct exchanges of people, whether they be students from less-developed countries going to study in more-developed ones, or, as in the case of Singapore and Malaysia, academics from more-developed countries encouraged to relocate to universities in less-developed countries by partnerships between the two institutions. Trade in education services also takes place through transnational education, for example when foreign institutions are encouraged to establish campuses in developing countries. Yet these forms of cooperation are not the most appropriate for the Philippines – for instance because poor local infrastructure makes it difficult to attract foreign institutions and academics. And, moreover, the principal effect of these forms of education cooperation is to make education more available, when the problem in the Philippines is the quality of education – not its availability. Regulatory reform is needed to ensure that the quality of education received at home is high enough to give domestic Filipino students access to education and work abroad. This reform process must start by establishing a credible accreditation system, because under the current system of voluntary self-regulation, less than 20 percent of higher education institutions in the Philippines are accredited. Forms of international cooperation other than through trade in education services would allow the Philippines to improve the quality of domestic education by following the example set by Malaysia, which has linked its own accreditation system to international ones. Malaysia has also been active in promoting the development of a regional quality assurance framework, the ASEAN Quality Assurance Network (AQAN). The AQAN was organized in 2008 in order to promote collaboration among quality assurance agencies in individual ASEAN countries. Though the Philippines has not yet fully acceded to the AQAN, negotiations are underway to formalize an agreement to adopt common standards in the education sector. The Philippines can also pursue bilateral mutual recognition agreements. Such agreements should include quality assurance on the part of both countries. In this way, even if the standards are not at the same level as in higher-income countries, there will be pressure on some of the higher education institutions in the Philippines to improve their programs and facilities in order to gain accreditation. Such agreements, whether bilateral or as part of the AQAN, might make it easier for Filipino policy makers to argue for domestic reform on the basis that it is necessary to meet international agreements. With a higher-quality higher education system, the Philippines would then be better placed to reap the well-documented economic benefits of an educated population.